Tier 1 Metrics

Tier 1 Metrics were released in May of 2022 and are being piloted by hundreds of criminal justice agencies across the country. These metrics are a powerhouse, structured across 7 sectors and 6 categories, offering both a panoramic view of essential measures and a comprehensive examination of each sector.

The Justice Counts initiative’s first undertaking was to create a list of metrics that could help criminal justice leaders tell their agencies’ stories and achieve long-term impact.

  1. Framework and Principles: We set the stage by creating a framework and operational principles.
  2. Extensive Literature Review: Embarking on an extensive literature review, we unearthed the key measures embraced in the field and identified those spotlighted in research and training literature as critical for operational and policy needs.
  3. Sector-Specific Subcommittees: We brought together leaders from every corner of the criminal justice world, forming subcommittees for law enforcement, defense, prosecution, courts and pretrial, jails, prisons, and community supervision.
  4. Metric Evaluation: These subcommittees combined their practical experience with insights from the literature, generating a staggering 1,148 potential metrics.
  5. Critical vs. Nice-to-Have: With razor-sharp discernment, the subcommittees then sorted these metrics into “critical” and “nice-to-have,” resulting in 593 critical and 555 nice-to-have metrics.
  6. Precision Refinement: Through rigorous rankings and spirited discussions, each subcommittee masterfully whittled down the list. The ultimate test of utility and feasibility distilled this list to the elite 86, known as Tier 1 Metrics.
  7. Public Debut: The subcommittees passed this elite list to the national steering committee and BJA for ratification, and with unanimous approval, these Tier 1 Metrics were released in May 2022.

Click any cell below for more information about these metrics and additional breakdowns.

Sector

Capacity & Costs

Definition: Capacity and Costs metrics measure the resources going into a sector and the expenditure of those resources.

What it helps decision-makers and the public consider:

  • Resource allocation: which sectors are funded to do what, for whom, and using how many resources
  • Representation: the extent to which the criminal justice workforce is demographically representative of the communities it serves
  • Vacancy: difference between ideal staff level versus current staff level per sector
  • Return on investment: fiscal oversight or accountability for accomplishing outcomes tied to funding

Population Movements

Definition: Population Movement metrics measure entrances and exits from each sector of the system, the severity of behavior and response associated with those movements, and the length of stay in each sector.

What it helps decision-makers and the public consider:

  • Admissions: the number of people or cases entering a criminal justice sector and how or why they enter that part of the criminal justice system
  • Exits: conclusions of sentences or stays that remove a person from the custody or purview of a given part of the criminal justice system
  • Duration: length of time spent in a given part of the criminal justice system

Operations & Dynamics

Definition: Operations and Dynamics metrics measure strategies and tactics that the criminal justice system uses to hold people accountable for negative behavior and to encourage positive behavior.

What it helps decision-makers and the public consider:

  • Accountability measures: actions taken to sanction negative or criminal behavior
  • Incentives: positive reinforcement of prosocial or positive behavior
  • Supports and services: ways the system provides, or opens access to, critical services, programs, treatments, etc. to support positive behavior change and prepare for successful community reintegration for people exiting the criminal justice system

Public Safety

Definition: Public Safety metrics measure crime, victimization, and safety in communities and correctional settings.

What it helps decision-makers and the public consider:

  • Prevalence: the amount of crime, victimization, or overall harm occurring
  • Intervention: how the system responds to prevalence and works to prevent future harm
  • Reparation: how the system works to create accountability and address harm

Equity

Definition: Equity metrics measure whether the criminal justice system treats people the same regardless of race, ethnicity, and gender

What it helps decision-makers and the public consider:

  • Disparity: how the criminal justice system treats certain groups in relation to other similarly situated groups, often resulting in inequitable, cumulative differences in outcomes
  • Disproportionality: the overrepresentation of certain groups in each sector of the criminal justice system and how disparities move, build, and accumulate throughout the system

Fairness*

Definition: Fairness metrics measure how the criminal justice system meets its obligations and maintains legitimacy and trust.

What it helps decision-makers and the public consider:

  • Duty: how the criminal justice system attends to the constitutionally afforded rights of individuals accused of a crime and the victims of those crimes, as well as how it adheres to local laws, ordinances, and policies that govern criminal justice procedures
  • Trustworthiness: how each sector creates transparency about system actions and impacts and holds itself responsible for violations of rights that occur
  • Neutrality: the extent to which consistency and proportionality are applied to cases moving through the system and the treatment of victims impacted by those cases

Law Enforcement

Though crime reduction and use of force are two important dimensions of policing, a complete understanding of the quality of law enforcement requires looking at all policing functions. In addition to protection and enforcement, police are also tasked with crime prevention, establishing community relationships, resolving disputes, and assisting individuals in need, among many other functions. Investments in law enforcement, including budget, recruitment, equipment, and training, along with department policies and community relations, also help shape the context in which police activity takes place. Therefore, efforts to measure police performance in a holistic way may wish to account for some of these less obvious but resource-intensive and necessary aspects of policing.

Law Enforcement: Capacity & Costs

FUNDING
1. State Appropriations; 2. County or Municipal Appropriations; 3. Asset Forfeitures; 4. Grants; 5. Other Funding; 6. Unknown Funding

EXPENSES
1. Personnel; 2. Training; 3. Facilities and Equipment; 4. Other Expenses; 5. Unknown Expenses

STAFF
1. Sworn/Uniformed Police Officers; 2. Civilian Staff; 3. Mental Health and Crisis Intervention Team Staff; 4. Victim Advocate Staff; 5. Other Staff; 6. Unknown Staff; 7. Vacant Positions (Any Staff Type)

STAFF BY RACE AND ETHNICITY
Justice Counts follows federal guidance on data for race and ethnicity, treating them as distinct traits (i.e., a person has both a race and an ethnicity, and one does not necessarily dictate the other). For more information on how the federal government, including the U.S. Census Bureau, categorizes race and ethnicity, see Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data, and About the Hispanic Population and its Origin.

The categories and descriptions below are based on race and ethnicity definitions in U.S. Census Bureau – About the Topic of Race.

For race and ethnicity metrics, the data shared should be categorized by the distinct combination of race and ethnicity as seen in the table below. It is possible that a single metric could have up to 24 unique racial and ethnic combinations. But, during onboarding, agencies will specify which of the combinations of race and ethnicity are available to be shared from their data systems.

Hispanic of Latino Not Hispanic or Latino Unknown ethnicity
American Indian or Alaska Native A I Q
Asian B J R
Black C K S
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander D L T
White E M U
More than one race F N V
Other race G O W
Unknown race H P X

STAFF BY BIOLOGICAL SEX
1. Male Biological Sex; 2. Female Biological Sex; 3. Unknown Biological Sex

Justice Counts currently uses biological sex (male, female, unknown) in lieu of gender identity. Justice Counts is working to determine the best way to account for gender identity through this initiative. More information is forthcoming.

Law Enforcement: Population Movements

CALLS FOR SERVICE
1. Emergency Calls; 2. Non-emergency Calls; 3. Other Calls; 4. Unknown Calls

Law Enforcement: Operations & Dynamics

ARRESTS
1. Arrests for Person Charges/Offenses; 2. Arrests for Property Charges/Offenses; 3. Arrests for Public Order Charges/ Offenses; 4. Arrests for Drug Charges/Offenses; 5. Arrests for Other Charges/Offenses; 6. Arrests for Unknown Charges/Offenses

Law Enforcement: Public Safety

USE OF FORCE INCIDENTS
1. Physical Force; 2 Restraint; 3. Firearm; 4. Other Weapon; 5. Other Force; 6. Unknown Force

REPORTED CRIME
1. Reported Incidents of Person Offenses; 2. Reported Incidents of Property Offenses; 3. Reported Incidents of Public Order Offenses; 4. Reported Incidents of Drug Offenses; 5. Reported Incidents of Other Offenses; 6. Reported Incidents of Unknown Offenses

Law Enforcement: Equity

ARRESTS BY RACE AND ETHNICITY
Justice Counts follows federal guidance on data for race and ethnicity, treating them as distinct traits (i.e., a person has both a race and an ethnicity, and one does not necessarily dictate the other). For more information on how the federal government, including the U.S. Census Bureau, categorizes race and ethnicity, see Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data, and About the Hispanic Population and its Origin.

The categories and descriptions below are based on race and ethnicity definitions in U.S. Census Bureau – About the Topic of Race.

For race and ethnicity metrics, the data shared should be categorized by the distinct combination of race and ethnicity as seen in the table below. It is possible that a single metric could have up to 24 unique racial and ethnic combinations. But, during onboarding, agencies will specify which of the combinations of race and ethnicity are available to be shared from their data systems.

Hispanic of Latino Not Hispanic or Latino Unknown ethnicity
American Indian or Alaska Native A I Q
Asian B J R
Black C K S
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander D L T
White E M U
More than one race F N V
Other race G O W
Unknown race H P X

ARRESTS BY BIOLOGICAL SEX
1. Male Biological Sex; 2. Female Biological Sex; 3. Unknown Biological Sex

Justice Counts currently uses biological sex (male, female, unknown) in lieu of gender identity. Justice Counts is working to determine the best way to account for gender identity through this initiative. More information is forthcoming.

Law Enforcement: Fairness

CIVILIAN COMPLAINTS SUSTAINED
1. Excessive Uses of Force; 2. Discrimination or Racial Bias; 3. Other Complaints; 4. Unknown Complaints

Prosecution

Prosecutors can advance both public safety and equitable treatment under the law. The work of prosecutors has a significant impact on all parties in a case, from expert witnesses and people who have been victimized, to individuals charged. Prosecutors must be able to effectively balance the demands of each case with the needs of the court and the community and require proper resources to do so.

Prosecution: Capacity & Costs

FUNDING
1. State Appropriations; 2. County or Municipal Appropriations; 3. Grants; 4. Other Funding; 5. Unknown Funding

EXPENSES
1. Personnel; 2. Training; 3. Facilities and Equipment; 4. Other Expenses; 5. Unknown Expenses

STAFF
1. Legal Staff; 2. Victim-Witness Advocate Staff; 3. Administrative Staff; 4. Investigative Staff; 5. Other Staff; 6. Unknown Staff; 7. Vacant Positions (Any Staff Type)

CASELOAD
1. Felony Caseload; 2. Misdemeanor Caseload; 3. Mixed Caseload; 4. Other Caseload; 5. Unknown Caseload

Prosecution: Population Movements

CASES REFERRED
1. Felony Cases Referred; 2. Misdemeanor Cases Referred; 3. Other Cases Referred; 4. Unknown Cases Referred

CASES DECLINED
1. Felony Cases Declined; 2. Misdemeanor Cases Declined; 3. Other Cases Declined; 4. Unknown Cases Declined

CASES DIVERTED/DEFERRED
1. Felony Cases Diverted/Deferred; 2. Misdemeanor Cases Diverted/Deferred; 3. Other Cases Diverted/Deferred; 4. Unknown Cases Diverted/Deferred

CASES PROSECUTED
1. Felony Cases Prosecuted; 2. Misdemeanor Cases Prosecuted; 3. Other Cases Prosecuted; 4. Unknown Cases Prosecuted

Prosecution: Operations & Dynamics

CASES DISPOSED
1. Cases Disposed by Dismissal; 2. Cases Resolved by Plea; 3. Cases Resolved at Trial; 4. Other Disposition; 5. Unknown Disposition

Prosecution: Public Safety

No Tier 1 metric

Prosecution: Equity

CASES DECLINED, DIVERTED/DEFERRED, AND PROSECUTED BY RACE AND ETHNICITY
Justice Counts follows federal guidance on data for race and ethnicity, treating them as distinct traits (i.e., a person has both a race and an ethnicity, and one does not necessarily dictate the other). For more information on how the federal government, including the U.S. Census Bureau, categorizes race and ethnicity, see Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data, and About the Hispanic Population and its Origin.

The categories and descriptions below are based on race and ethnicity definitions in U.S. Census Bureau – About the Topic of Race.

For race and ethnicity metrics, the data shared should be categorized by the distinct combination of race and ethnicity as seen in the table below. It is possible that a single metric could have up to 24 unique racial and ethnic combinations. But, during onboarding, agencies will specify which of the combinations of race and ethnicity are available to be shared from their data systems.

Hispanic of Latino Not Hispanic or Latino Unknown ethnicity
American Indian or Alaska Native A I Q
Asian B J R
Black C K S
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander D L T
White E M U
More than one race F N V
Other race G O W
Unknown race H P X

CASES DECLINED, DIVERTED/DEFERRED, AND PROSECUTED BY BIOLOGICAL SEX
1. Male Biological Sex; 2. Female Biological Sex; 3. Unknown Biological Sex

Justice Counts currently uses biological sex (male, female, unknown) in lieu of gender identity. Justice Counts is working to determine the best way to account for gender identity through this initiative. More information is forthcoming.

Prosecution: Fairness

VIOLATIONS FILED RESULTING IN DISCIPLINE
No breakdowns

Defense

Defense counsel fulfills an important role in upholding the constitutional right to representation entitled to all Americans who are charged with a crime. This responsibility requires access to counsel who can provide representation, support services, and investigative resources. Effective representation requires appropriate resources and an understanding of the flow and timeline of cases through a jurisdiction and to defense providers. Measuring the caseload and capacity of defense is needed to inform policy and resource decisions.

Defense: Capacity & Costs

FUNDING
1. State Appropriations; 2. County or Municipal Appropriations; 3. Grants; 4. Fees; 5. Other Funding; 6. Unknown Funding

EXPENSES
1. Personnel; 2. Training; 3. Facilities and Equipment; 4. Other Expenses; 5. Unknown Expenses

STAFF
1. Legal Staff; 2. Administrative Staff; 3. Investigative Staff; 4. Other Staff; 5. Unknown Staff; 6. Vacant Positions (Any Staff Type)

CASELOAD
1. Felony Caseload; 2. Misdemeanor Caseload; 3. Mixed Caseload; 4. Other Caseload; 5. Unknown Caseload

Defense: Population Movements

CASES APPOINTED COUNSEL
1. Felony Cases; 2. Misdemeanor Cases; 3. Other Cases Referred; 4. Unknown Cases Referred

Defense: Operations & Dynamics

CASES DISPOSED
1. Cases Disposed by Dismissal; 2. Cases Resolved by Plea; 3. Cases Resolved at Trial; 4. Other Disposition; 5. Unknown Disposition

Defense: Public Safety

No Tier 1 metric

Defense: Equity

CASES DISPOSED BY RACE AND ETHNICITY
Justice Counts follows federal guidance on data for race and ethnicity, treating them as distinct traits (i.e., a person has both a race and an ethnicity, and one does not necessarily dictate the other). For more information on how the federal government, including the U.S. Census Bureau, categorizes race and ethnicity, see Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data, and About the Hispanic Population and its Origin.

The categories and descriptions below are based on race and ethnicity definitions in U.S. Census Bureau – About the Topic of Race.

For race and ethnicity metrics, the data shared should be categorized by the distinct combination of race and ethnicity as seen in the table below. It is possible that a single metric could have up to 24 unique racial and ethnic combinations. But, during onboarding, agencies will specify which of the combinations of race and ethnicity are available to be shared from their data systems.

Hispanic of Latino Not Hispanic or Latino Unknown ethnicity
American Indian or Alaska Native A I Q
Asian B J R
Black C K S
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander D L T
White E M U
More than one race F N V
Other race G O W
Unknown race H P X

CASES DISPOSED BY BIOLOGICAL SEX
1. Male Biological Sex; 2. Female Biological Sex; 3. Unknown Biological Sex

Justice Counts currently uses biological sex (male, female, unknown) in lieu of gender identity. Justice Counts is working to determine the best way to account for gender identity through this initiative. More information is forthcoming.

Defense: Fairness

CLIENT COMPLAINTS SUSTAINED
No breakdowns

Courts & Pretrial

At the county level, courts are the centralized authority on case processing and law enforcement. These institutions are tasked with handling and tracking all criminal charges filed against an individual, whether resolved by dismissal or acquittal or conviction by plea or trial. The secure and accurate processing of details related to these charges is necessary, as the courts are often also tasked with forwarding information about a case to other system actors. Courts must also manage critical data related to an individual’s prior criminal and release history for appropriate risk assessments and ensure fair access to justice.

Courts & Pretrial: Capacity & Costs

FUNDING
1. State Appropriations; 2. County or Municipal Appropriations; 3. Grants; 4. Other Funding; 5. Unknown Funding

EXPENSES
1. Personnel; 2. Training; 3. Facilities and Equipment; 4. Other Expenses; 5. Unknown Expenses

JUDGES AND STAFF
1. Judges; 2. Legal Staff; 3. Security Staff; 4. Support or Administrative Staff; 5. Victim Advocate Staff; 6. Other Staff; 7. Unknown Staff; 8. Vacant Positions (Any Staff Type)

Courts & Pretrial: Population Movements

CRIMINAL CASE FILINGS
1. Felony Criminal Case Filings; 2. Misdemeanor or Infraction Criminal Case Filings; 3. Other Criminal Case Filings; 4. Unknown Criminal Case Filings

Courts & Pretrial: Operations & Dynamics

PRETRIAL RELEASES
1. On Own Recognizance; 2. Monetary Bail; 3. Non-Monetary Bail; 4. Other Pretrial Releases; 5. Unknown Pretrial Releases

CASES DISPOSED
1. By Dismissal; 2. Resolved by Plea; 3. Resolved at Trial; 4. Other Disposition; 5. Unknown Disposition

SENTENCES IMPOSED
1. Prison Sentences; 2. Jail Sentences; 3. Split Sentences; 4. Suspended Sentences; 5. Community Supervision Only Sentences; 6. Fines or Fees Only Sentences; 7. Other Sentences; 8. Unknown Sentences

Courts & Pretrial: Public Safety

NEW OFFENSES WHILE ON PRETRIAL RELEASE
No breakdowns

Courts & Pretrial: Equity

SENTENCES IMPOSED BY RACE AND ETHNICITY
Justice Counts follows federal guidance on data for race and ethnicity, treating them as distinct traits (i.e., a person has both a race and an ethnicity, and one does not necessarily dictate the other). For more information on how the federal government, including the U.S. Census Bureau, categorizes race and ethnicity, see Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data, and About the Hispanic Population and its Origin.

The categories and descriptions below are based on race and ethnicity definitions in U.S. Census Bureau – About the Topic of Race.

For race and ethnicity metrics, the data shared should be categorized by the distinct combination of race and ethnicity as seen in the table below. It is possible that a single metric could have up to 24 unique racial and ethnic combinations. But, during onboarding, agencies will specify which of the combinations of race and ethnicity are available to be shared from their data systems.

Hispanic of Latino Not Hispanic or Latino Unknown ethnicity
American Indian or Alaska Native A I Q
Asian B J R
Black C K S
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander D L T
White E M U
More than one race F N V
Other race G O W
Unknown race H P X

SENTENCES IMPOSED BY BIOLOGICAL SEX
1. Male Biological Sex; 2. Female Biological Sex; 3. Unknown Biological Sex

Justice Counts currently uses biological sex (male, female, unknown) in lieu of gender identity. Justice Counts is working to determine the best way to account for gender identity through this initiative. More information is forthcoming.

Courts & Pretrial: Fairness

No Tier 1 metric

Jails

Jail populations include individuals who are awaiting trial, who have been convicted and are serving a short sentence, and who may be awaiting placement elsewhere. There are more than 3,000 jails in the United States, and it is difficult for decision-makers to find population statistics for their local jail with any regularity or accuracy. For decision-makers to ensure that jails are properly resourced for occupants and employees, it is necessary to understand the population and staffing dynamics as well as how effectively jails adhere to their policies and procedures.

Jails: Capacity & Costs

FUNDING
1. State Appropriations; 2. County or Municipal Appropriations; 3. Grants; 4. Commissary and Fees; 5. Contract Beds (Funding); 6. Other Funding; 7. Unknown Funding

EXPENSES
1. Personnel; 2. Training; 3. Facilities and Equipment; 4. Health Care for People Who Are Incarcerated; 5. Contract Beds (Expenses); 6. Other Expenses; 7. Unknown Expenses

STAFF
1. Security Staff; 2. Management and Operations Staff; 3. Clinical and Medical Staff; 4. Programmatic Staff; 5. Other Staff; 6. Unknown Staff; 7. Vacant Positions (Any Staff Type)

Jails: Population Movements

PRE- and POST- ADJUDICATION ADMISSIONS (LISTED SEPARATELY)
1. Person Charges/Offenses; 2. Property Charges/Offenses; 3. Public Order Charges/Offenses; 4. Drug Charges/Offenses; 5. Other Charges/Offenses; 6. Unknown Charges/Offenses

PRE- and POST- ADJUDICATION DAILY POPULATION (LISTED SEPARATELY)
1. Person Charges/Offenses; 2. Property Charges/Offenses; 3. Public Order Charges/Offenses; 4. Drug Charges/Offenses; 5. Other Charges/Offenses; 6. Unknown Charges/Offenses

PRE- and POST-ADJUDICATION RELEASES (LISTED SEPARATELY)
1. To Own Recognizance Awaiting Trial; 2. To Monetary Bail; 3. To Probation; 4. To Parole; 5. To Other Community Supervision; 6. To No Additional Correctional Control; 7. Due to Death; 8. Due to Escape or AWOL Status; 9. Other Releases; 10. Unknown Releases

Jails: Operations & Dynamics

No Tier 1 metric

Jails: Public Safety

No breakdowns

Jails: Equity

PRE- and POST-ADJUDICATION (DAILY POPULATION BY RACE AND ETHNICITY (LISTED SEPARATELY)
Justice Counts follows federal guidance on data for race and ethnicity, treating them as distinct traits (i.e., a person has both a race and an ethnicity, and one does not necessarily dictate the other). For more information on how the federal government, including the U.S. Census Bureau, categorizes race and ethnicity, see Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data, and About the Hispanic Population and its Origin.

The categories and descriptions below are based on race and ethnicity definitions in U.S. Census Bureau – About the Topic of Race.

For race and ethnicity metrics, the data shared should be categorized by the distinct combination of race and ethnicity as seen in the table below. It is possible that a single metric could have up to 24 unique racial and ethnic combinations. But, during onboarding, agencies will specify which of the combinations of race and ethnicity are available to be shared from their data systems.

Hispanic of Latino Not Hispanic or Latino Unknown ethnicity
American Indian or Alaska Native A I Q
Asian B J R
Black C K S
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander D L T
White E M U
More than one race F N V
Other race G O W
Unknown race H P X

PRE- and POST-ADJUDICATION DAILY POPULATION BY BIOLOGICAL SEX (LISTED SEPARATELY)
1. Male Biological Sex; 2. Female Biological Sex; 3. Unknown Biological Sex

Justice Counts currently uses biological sex (male, female, unknown) in lieu of gender identity. Justice Counts is working to determine the best way to account for gender identity through this initiative. More information is forthcoming.

Jails: Fairness

GRIEVANCES UPHELD
1. Living Conditions; 2. Personal Safety; 3. Discrimination, Racial Bias, or Religious Practices; 4. Access to Health Care; 5. Legal; 6. Other Grievance; 7. Unknown Grievance

Prisons

People who are incarcerated in a state correctional facility need access to programming, health care, and appropriate measures to ensure safety. Transparency in prison data may include information related to the capacity of institutions, sentencing practices and guidelines set forth by the state, and the availability and quality of rehabilitative resources for people in custody. Most people in state custody will eventually return to their communities. Therefore, tracking effective reentry services and resulting recidivism rates for these individuals will improve decision-making for agency leaders, service providers, and policymakers.

Prisons: Capacity & Costs

FUNDING
1. State Appropriations; 2. Grants; 3. Commissary or Fees; 4. Contract Beds (Funding); 5. Other Funding; 6. Unknown Funding

EXPENSES
1. Personnel; 2. Training; 3. Facilities and Equipment; 4. Health Care for People Who Are Incarcerated; 5. Contract Beds (Expenses); 6. Other Expenses; 7. Unknown Expenses

STAFF
1. Security Staff; 2. Management and Operations Staff; 3. Clinical and Medical Staff; 4. Programmatic Staff; 5. Other Staff; 6. Unknown Staff; 7. Vacant Positions (Any Staff Type)

Prisons: Population Movements

ADMISSIONS
1. Person Offenses; 2. Property Offenses; 3. Public Order Offenses; 4. Drug Offenses; 5. Other Offenses; 6. Unknown Offenses

DAILY POPULATION
1. Person Offenses; 2. Property Offenses; 3. Public Order Offenses; 4. Drug Offenses; 5. Other Offenses; 6. Unknown Offenses

RELEASES
1. To Probation; 2. To Parole; 3. To Other Community Supervision; 4. To No Additional Correctional Control; 5. Due to Death; 6. Other Releases; 7. Unknown Releases

Prisons: Operations & Dynamics

No Tier 1 metric

Prisons: Public Safety

USE OF FORCE INCIDENTS
No breakdowns

READMISSIONS
1. Readmissions for a New Conviction; 2. Readmissions from Probation; 3. Readmissions from Parole; 4. Readmissions from Other Community Supervision; 5. Other Readmissions; 6. Unknown Readmissions

Prisons: Equity

DAILY POPULATION BY RACE AND ETHNICITY
Justice Counts follows federal guidance on data for race and ethnicity, treating them as distinct traits (i.e., a person has both a race and an ethnicity, and one does not necessarily dictate the other). For more information on how the federal government, including the U.S. Census Bureau, categorizes race and ethnicity, see Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data, and About the Hispanic Population and its Origin.

The categories and descriptions below are based on race and ethnicity definitions in U.S. Census Bureau – About the Topic of Race.

For race and ethnicity metrics, the data shared should be categorized by the distinct combination of race and ethnicity as seen in the table below. It is possible that a single metric could have up to 24 unique racial and ethnic combinations. But, during onboarding, agencies will specify which of the combinations of race and ethnicity are available to be shared from their data systems.

Hispanic of Latino Not Hispanic or Latino Unknown ethnicity
American Indian or Alaska Native A I Q
Asian B J R
Black C K S
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander D L T
White E M U
More than one race F N V
Other race G O W
Unknown race H P X

DAILY POPULATION BY BIOLOGICAL SEX
1. Male Biological Sex; 2. Female Biological Sex; 3. Unknown Biological Sex

Justice Counts currently uses biological sex (male, female, unknown) in lieu of gender identity. Justice Counts is working to determine the best way to account for gender identity through this initiative. More information is forthcoming.

Prisons: Fairness

GRIEVANCES UPHELD
1. Living Conditions; 2. Personal Safety; 3. Discrimination, Racial Bias, or Religious Practices; 4. Access to Health Care; 5. Legal; 6. Other Grievance; 7. Unknown Grievance

Supervision

Community supervision usually encompasses probation and parole and is overseen by state and local governments or court jurisdictions. People serving on community supervision are subject to any number of standard and special conditions. To improve decision-making, data efforts may focus on felony and misdemeanor placements to parole and probation, caseload management, reasons for revocation, and staffing allocations for managing people on supervision.

Supervision: Capacity & Costs

FUNDING
1. State Appropriations; 2. County or Municipal Appropriations; 3. Grants; 4. Fines or Fees; 5. Other Funding; 6. Unknown Funding

EXPENSES
1. Personnel; 2. Training; 3. Facilities and Equipment; 4. Other Expenses; 5. Unknown Expenses

STAFF
1. Supervision Staff; 2. Management and Operations Staff; 3. Clinical and Medical Staff; 4. Programmatic Staff; 5. Other Staff; 6. Unknown Staff; 7. Vacant Positions (Any Staff Type)

CASELOAD
No breakdowns

Supervision: Population Movements

NEW CASES
1. Person Charges/Offenses; 2. Property Charges/Offenses; 3. Public Order Charges/Offenses; 4. Drug Charges/Offenses; 5. Other Charges/Offenses; 6. Unknown Charges/Offenses

DAILY POPULATION
1. People on Active Supervision; 2. People on Administrative Supervision; 3. People Who Have Absconded from Supervision; 4. People Incarcerated on a Hold or Sanction While on Supervision; 5. Other Supervision Status; 6. Unknown Supervision Status

DISCHARGES
1. Successful Completions of Supervision; 2. Neutral Discharges from Supervision; 3. Unsuccessful Discharges from Supervision; 4. Other Discharges from Supervision; 5. Unknown Discharges from Supervision

Supervision: Operations & Dynamics

VIOLATIONS
1. Technical Violations; 2. Absconding Violations; 3. New Offense Violations; 4. Other Violation; 5. Unknown Violations

REVOCATIONS
1. Revocations for Technical Violations; 2. Revocations for New Offense Violations; 3. Revocations for Other Reasons; 4. Revocations for Unknown Reasons

Supervision: Public Safety

RECONVICTIONS
No breakdowns

Supervision: Equity

DAILY POPULATION BY RACE AND ETHNICITY
Justice Counts follows federal guidance on data for race and ethnicity, treating them as distinct traits (i.e., a person has both a race and an ethnicity, and one does not necessarily dictate the other). For more information on how the federal government, including the U.S. Census Bureau, categorizes race and ethnicity, see Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data, and About the Hispanic Population and its Origin.

The categories and descriptions below are based on race and ethnicity definitions in U.S. Census Bureau – About the Topic of Race.

For race and ethnicity metrics, the data shared should be categorized by the distinct combination of race and ethnicity as seen in the table below. It is possible that a single metric could have up to 24 unique racial and ethnic combinations. But, during onboarding, agencies will specify which of the combinations of race and ethnicity are available to be shared from their data systems.

Hispanic of Latino Not Hispanic or Latino Unknown ethnicity
American Indian or Alaska Native A I Q
Asian B J R
Black C K S
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander D L T
White E M U
More than one race F N V
Other race G O W
Unknown race H P X

DAILY POPULATION BY BIOLOGICAL SEX
1. Male Biological Sex; 2. Female Biological Sex; 3. Unknown Biological Sex

Justice Counts currently uses biological sex (male, female, unknown) in lieu of gender identity. Justice Counts is working to determine the best way to account for gender identity through this initiative. More information is forthcoming.

Supervision: Fairness

No Tier 1 metric

*Many factors can lead to a complaint, grievance, or appeal that are not related to fairness. The existence of these processes reflects a functioning system.



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